Tool and Die Steels
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Tool and Die Steels, Tool steel
A2 Tool steel
Steels of the type A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10 form air-hardening, medium alloy, cold work steels or group A steels. Sufficient amounts of manganese, molybdenum and chromium present in group A steels provide full hardness in sections comprising thickness of at least 100 mm (4 in.) in diameter when air cooled.
Carbon content in group A steels range from 0.5 to 2%. These steels are provided with air hardening characteristics that allow minimum cracking and distortion on quenching.
A2 air-hardening, medium-alloy, cold-work tool steels are a type of group A steels containing molybdenum and chromium. The carbon content in A2 tool steels is high. A2 tool steels can be deep hardened in order to minimize distortion.
The data below will provide an overview of A2 air-hardening, medium-alloy, cold-work tool steels.
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Tool and Die Steels, Tool steel
D2 Tool Steel
Cold-work tool steels include the high-carbon, high-chromium steels or group D steels. These steels are designated as group D steels and consist of D2, D3, D4, D5, and D7 steels. These steels contain 1.5 to 2.35% of carbon and 12% of chromium. Except type D3 steel, all the other group D steels include 1% Mo and are air hardened. Type D3 steel is oil-quenched; though small sections can be gas quenched after austenitization using vacuum. As a result, tools made with type D3 steel tends to be brittle during hardening. Type D2 steel is the most commonly used steel among the group D steels.
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Die Steel, Tool and Die Steels
H13 Die Steel
H13 Die Steel is chromium hot work tool steels which are widely used in hot and cold work tooling applications. H13 Tool Steel is classified as group H steels classification system. This series of steels start from H1 to H19.
H-13 tool steel is characterized by:
- Good resistance to abrasion at both low and high temperatures
- High level of toughness and ductility
- Uniform and high level of machinability and polishability
- Good high-temperature strength and resistance to thermal fatigue
- Excellent through-hardening properties
- Very limited distortion during hardening
In steel H13, the molybdenum and vanadium act as strengthening agents. The chromium content assists die steel H-13 to resist softening when used at high temperatures. H-13 die steels offers an excellent combination of shock and abrasion resistance, and possesses good red hardness. It is capable of withstanding rapid cooling and resists premature heat checking. Tool Steel H13 has good machinability, good weldability, good ductility, and can be formed by conventional means.
Due to H13 tool steel excellent combination of high toughness and fatigue resistance, H13 hot work tool steel is used more than any other tool steel in tooling applications.
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Tool and Die Steels, Tool steel
M2 Tool Steel
Molybdenum high speed steels are designated as Group M steels according to the AISI classification system. Over 95% of high-speed steels manufactured in the US are group M steels. Tungsten is present in all types from M1 to M10, except M6, and cobalt is not present in any these steels. Molybdenum high speed steels have similar performance when compared to tungsten high-speed steels. However, the initial cost of molybdenum tool steels is lower. Titanium nitride, titanium carbide and several other coatings can be used in the tools made of this kind of steels through physical vapor deposition process to improve the performance and life span of the tool.
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Tool and Die Steels, Tool steel
O1 Tool Steel
Cold-work tool steels are high carbon steels that are further classified into three subgroups such as oil-hardening steels, high-carbon, high-chromium steels, and air-hardening steels. Oil-hardening cold-work steels are also known as group O steels consisting of O1, O2, O6, and O7 types.
Type O1 oil-hardening cold-work steel consists of chromium, manganese, and tungsten and is relatively inexpensive.
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Die Steel, Tool and Die Steels
P20 Die Steel
P20 Steel Plate Material is a versatile, low-alloy tool steel that is characterized by good toughness at moderate strength levels. The special purpose mold steel P20 steel plate is commonly used for plastic injection mold cavities and tooling and for die casting dies for zinc. P20 mold steel plate material is typically sold in the pre-hardened condition at a hardness of approximately 300 HBW.
P20 tool steel differs from area to area in the different countries.Europeans generally use the DIN spec-DIN EN ISO 4957 standard materials (1.2311 and 1.2312), while in Japan steel industry standard, PX5 is the new standard P20. And the Americas Countries, Grade steel P20 is the most and wide used steel grade material. In China, 3CrM2Mo is the P20 steel grade equivalent, which is in the standard GB/T 1299 tool steel specification.
P20 tool steels are nitrided or carburized. These P20 mold steel materials steels are capable of being machined into complex and large dies and molds. Material P20 steel plate and round bars are mostly used in the carburized condition. The presence of chromium and nickel enhances the toughness and hardness of mold steel P20 grade material.
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Tool and Die Steels, Tool steel
S1 Tool Steel
Shock-resisting tool steels are designated as group S steels according to the AISI classification system. S1, S2, S5, S6, and S7 are the types of shock-resisting steels. The hardenability of group S steels can be controlled by varying their composition instead of adjusting the melting procedures and grain size. These steels can obtain optimum hardness at higher austenitizing temperatures. The tempering resistance of group S steels can be enhanced by the addition of silicon, which also forms a microstructure to resist distortion in tempered conditions.
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Tool and Die Steels, Tool steel
T15 Tool Steel
Tungsten is a good carbide former that increases temperature and red hardness, prevents gain growth and improves toughness. It is a steel gray metal used in high speed steels and hot forming tool steels.
Tungsten high speed tool steels or group T steels range from T1 to T15 steels. This article on the tool steel type T15 will focus on the chemical composition, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties, and other designations of T15 tool steels.
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Tool and Die Steels, Tool steel
W1 Tool steel
Water-hardening tool steels are also known as group W steels. This group consists of three types, namely, W1, W2, and W3. The main alloying element found in group W steels is carbon. To increase the wear resistance and hardenability of the W steels, a small amount of chromium can be added. By adding vanadium, the grain size is maintained, which enhances the toughness of the steels. The group W steels have low resistance to softening at high temperatures and are inexpensive.
The W1 steel is one of the most commonly available water hardening tool steel grades and can be easily hardened by heating and quenching in water. However, this alloy does undergo some amount of distortion during quenching. The following datasheet will provide details of W1 water-hardening tool steels.
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